The existence of the human milk microbiome has been widely recognized for almost two
decades, with many studies examining its composition and relationship to maternal and …

Highlights•The milk microbiome is generally dominated by Staphylococcus, Streptococcus,
and Pseudomonas.•Milk microbiome varies across studies, but methodologic differences …

At the beginning of the 21st century, some pioneer studies provided evidence of the
existence of a site-specific human milk microbiota. Hygienically collected milk samples from …

Background: Breast milk is recognized as the most important postpartum element in
metabolic and immunologic programming of health of neonates. The factors influencing the …

Human milk contains a dynamic and complex site-specific microbiome, which is not
assembled in an aleatory way, formed by organized microbial consortia and networks …

A common belief is that human milk is sterile. However, the development of culture-
independent molecular methods, especially Next Generation Sequencing, has revealed that …

Until relatively recently, the extent of microbiota presence in the human breast was under-
appreciated. A high-throughput sequencing study and culture-based studies have …

The development of powerful sequencing techniques has allowed, albeit with some biases,
the identification and inventory of complex microbial communities that inhabit different body …

The presence of bacteria in human milk has been acknowledged since the seventies. For a
long time, microbiological analysis of human milk was only performed in case of infections …

Recent investigations have demonstrated that human milk contains a variety of bacterial
genera; however, as of yet very little work has been done to characterize the full diversity of …