The most commonly used treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD) is levodopa, prescribed in
conjunction with carbidopa. Virtually all patients with PD undergo dopamine replacement …

The amphetamine derivative (±)-3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) is
a popular recreational drug among young people, particularly those involved in the dance …

l-3, 4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOPA) remains the most effective symptomatic treatment of
Parkinson's disease (PD). However, long-term administration of l-DOPA is marred by the …

Abstract L-DOPA (l-3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) remains the most effective drug for the
treatment of Parkinson's disease. However, chronic use causes dyskinesia, a complex motor …

Antagonistic and reciprocal interactions are known to exist between adenosine and
dopamine receptors in the striatum. In the present study, double immunofluorescence …

Dopamine is an essential neurotransmitter for many brain functions, and its dysfunction has
been implicated in both neurological and psychiatric disorders. Parkinson's disease is an …

Involuntary movements—or dyskinesias—are a debilitating complication of levodopa
therapy for Parkinson's disease that is experienced by most patients. Despite the importance …

Levodopa is the most effective symptomatic agent in the treatment of Parkinson's disease
(PD) and the “gold standard” against which new agents must be compared. However, there …

Levodopa-induced dyskinesias are a common complication of long-term therapy in
Parkinson's disease. Although both pre-and post-synaptic mechanisms seem to be …

The molecular basis for the known intramembrane receptor/receptor interactions among G
protein-coupled receptors was postulated to be heteromerization based on receptor subtype …