Since 2006, disastrous colony losses have been reported in Europe and North America. The
causes of the losses were not readily apparent and have been attributed to overwintering …

Social immunity, which describes how individual behaviors of group members effectively
reduce disease and parasite transmission at the colony level, is an emerging field in social …

Emerging diseases are among the greatest threats to honey bees. Unfortunately, where and
when an emerging disease will appear are almost impossible to predict. The arrival of the …

Microbial pathogens are thought to have a profound impact on insect populations. Honey
bees are suffering from elevated colony losses in the northern hemisphere possibly because …

The Western honey bee, Apis mellifera, is the most important animal pollinator in agriculture
worldwide providing more than 90% of the commercial pollination services. Due to the …

The health of the honeybee and, indirectly, global crop production are threatened by several
biotic and abiotic factors, which play a poorly defined role in the induction of widespread …

Recent losses in honey bee colonies are unusual in their severity, geographical distribution,
and, in some cases, failure to present recognized characteristics of known disease …

The globally distributed ectoparasite Varroa destructor is a vector for viral pathogens of the
Western honeybee (Apis mellifera), in particular the Iflavirus Deformed Wing Virus (DWV). In …

Global pollinator declines have been attributed to habitat destruction, pesticide use, and
climate change or some combination of these factors, and managed honey bees, Apis …

Although overall pollinator populations have declined over the last couple of decades, the
honey bee (Apis mellifera) malady, colony collapse disorder (CCD), has caused major …