Astaxanthin (AST) is a potent lipid-soluble keto-carotenoid with auspicious effects on human
health. It protects organisms against a wide range of diseases with excellent safety and …

The detection and processing of painful stimuli in afferent sensory neurons is critically
dependent on a wide range of different types of voltage-and ligand-gated ion channels …

There is accumulating evidence to implicate the importance of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)
receptors to the induction and maintenance of central sensitization during pain states …

Most excitatory synapses in the brain use the neurotransmitter glutamate to carry impulses
between neurons. During fast transmission, glutamate usually activates a mixture of N …

NMDA receptor (NMDAR) dysfunction has emerged as a common theme in several major
nervous system disorders, including ischemic brain injury, chronic neurodegenerative …

Pain is an important survival and protection mechanism for animals. However,
chronic/persistent pain may be differentiated from normal physiological pain in that it confers …

Neuropathic pain remains a major clinical problem and a therapeutic challenge because
existing analgesics are often ineffective and can cause serious side effects. Increased N …

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract must balance ostensibly opposite functions. On the one hand,
it must undertake the process of digestion and absorption of nutrients. At the same time, the …

The mechanism of visceral pain is still less understood compared with that of somatic pain.
This is primarily due to the diverse nature of visceral pain compounded by multiple factors …

Neurological disorders are diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system that affect
millions of people, and the numbers are rising gradually. In the pathogenesis of …