Stimuli associated with primary reinforcers appear themselves to acquire the capacity to
strengthen behavior. This paper reviews research on the strengthening effects of …

We assessed whether novel praise statements could be used to (a) maintain and increase
responses with existing reinforcement histories and (b) teach a previously untaught …

Abstract The influence of Pavlovian Conditioned Stimuli (CS) on ethanol self-administration
and choice between ethanol and an alternative are potentially important. Ethanol-paired CS …

An extensive body of research using concurrent‐chains schedules of reinforcement has
shown that choice for one of two differentially valued food‐associated stimuli is dependent …

Experimentos têm mostrado que ratos criados isolados consumem mais álcool durante a
idade adulta que ratos criados em condições de interação social; no entanto, poucos …

The GABAA a4-subunit is found co-assembled with d subunits in extrasynaptic GABAA
receptors (a4-GABAARs). Within the striatum a4-GABAARs are most highly expressed in the …

The GABAAR α4 subunit is distributed throughout the thalamus, NAc, hippocampus,
neocortex and caudate-putamen (Wisden et al., 1992; Pirker et al., 2000; Schwarzer et al …

Attentional biases occur with various psychological disorders, including drug addiction and
anxiety. Conditioned reinforcement likely plays a role in maintaining attentional biases to …

Pigeons were trained on a two-component multiple schedule with a chain schedule in each
component. According to a variable-interval schedule in the initial link, pecks on a center key …