The clinical expression of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is directly related to multiple
alterations in lung function. These alterations derive from a complex disease process …

Interstitial lung diseases are a group of diffuse parenchymal lung disorders associated with
substantial morbidity and mortality. Knowledge achieved in recent years has resulted in the …

Rationale: Criteria for progressive pulmonary fibrosis (PPF) have been proposed, but their
prognostic value beyond categorical decline in FVC remains unclear. Objectives: To …

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is known to complicate various forms of interstitial lung
disease (ILD), including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, the interstitial pneumonias and …

Hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension (PH) is one of the most common and deadliest
forms of PH. Fibroblast growth factor receptors 1 and 2 (FGFR1/2) are elevated in patients …

Introduction Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive, and irreversible
fibrotic disease associated with respiratory failure. The disease remains idiopathic, but …

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and fibrosing lung disease with a poor
prognosis. Between 60% and 70% of IPF patients die of IPF; the remaining causes of death …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (IIP),
with different radiological, pathological, functional and prognostic characteristics, have been …

Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf) 2 is a transcription factor that integrates cellular
stress signals by directing various transcriptional programs. As an evolutionarily conserved …

Diagnosing pulmonary sarcoidosis raises challenges due to both the absence of a specific
diagnostic criterion and the varied presentations capable of mimicking many other …