Ischemic stroke after cerebral artery occlusion is one of the major causes of chronic disability
worldwide. Interleukins (ILs) play a bidirectional role in ischemic stroke through information …

Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) disruption is an important pathophysiological process of acute
ischemic stroke (AIS), resulting in devastating malignant brain edema and hemorrhagic …

Ischemic stroke, which accounts for 75–80% of all strokes, is the predominant cause of
morbidity and mortality worldwide. The post-stroke immune response has recently emerged …

Ischemic stroke generates an immune response that contributes to neuronal loss as well as
tissue repair. This is a complex process involving a range of cell types and effector …

Ischemic stroke (IS), a common cerebrovascular disease, results from a sudden blockage of
a blood vessel in the brain, thereby restricting blood supply to the area in question, and …

Despite the enormous progress in the understanding of the course of the ischemic stroke
over the last few decades, a therapy that effectively protects neurovascular units (NVUs) and …

Background Resident microglia and macrophages are the predominant contributors to
neuroinflammation and immune reactions, which play a critical role in the pathogenesis of …

Ischemic stroke is the second cause of mortality and the first cause of long-term disability
constituting a serious socioeconomic burden worldwide. Approved treatments include …

Neuroinflammation is critical in the pathogenesis of neurological diseases. Microglial pro-
inflammatory (M1) and anti-inflammatory (M2) status determines the outcome of …

Local ischemia often causes a series of inflammatory reactions when both brain immune
cells and the peripheral immune response are activated. In the human body, the gut and …