Background Pituitary carcinomas are rare but aggressive and require maximally coordinated
multimodal therapies. For refractory tumors, unresponsive to temozolomide (TMZ) …

Once temozolomide has failed, there is no recommended treatment option for pituitary
carcinomas and aggressive pituitary tumors. Immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) represent …

Most pituitary adenomas (PAs) are considered benign tumors, but approximately 0.2% can
present metastasis and are classified as pituitary carcinomas (PCs). Refractory PAs lie …

Cavernous sinus (CS) invasion is an aggressive behavior exhibited by pituitary
neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs). The cause of CS invasion in PitNETs has not been fully …

The tumor microenvironment (TME) includes resident and infiltrative non-tumor cells, as well
as blood and lymph vessels, extracellular matrix molecules, and numerous soluble factors …

Secreting pituitary adenomas are tumors for which few treatment options are available,
including surgical treatment and management of hormonal imbalance due to altered …

Context Incidence and awareness of endocrine-related adverse events (ERAE) associated
with use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) has grown with increased ICI use, yet …

Purpose: Although pituitary adenoma is classified as benign, Cushing disease is associated
with significant morbidity due to the numerous sequelae of elevated cortisol levels …

Context The tumor immune microenvironment is associated with clinical outcomes and
immunotherapy responsiveness. Objective To investigate the intratumoral immune profile of …

After temozolomide failure, no evidence-based treatment option is currently available for
aggressive pituitary tumors (APTs) and pituitary carcinomas (PCs). Moreover, once …