Background There are increased numbers of activated lymphocytes in the lungs of chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. The clinical benefits of corticosteroids in …

The etiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) remains unclear. A
mechanism involving the autoimmune reaction in the pathogenesis of COPD has been …

Although the presence of pulmonary lymphoid follicles (LFs) has been associated with the
progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), there is no information …

Acrolein, a highly reactive unsaturated aldehyde, is generated in large amounts during
smoking and is best known for its genotoxic capacity. Here, we aimed to assess whether …

Overexpression of T‐cell immunoglobulin and mucin‐domain containing‐3 (TIM‐3) on T
cells has been observed in smokers. However, whether and how galectin‐9 (Gal‐9)/TIM‐3 …

The presence of bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) in donor lungs has been
suggested to accelerate graft rejection after lung transplantation. Although chronic smoke …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by small airways, alveolar
and systemic inflammation and remodeling causing airflow limitation and parenchymal …

Background Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular protozoan parasite that can cause a wide
range of clinical conditions, including miscarriage and pneumonia. The global prevalence is …

Lung CD4+ T cells accumulate as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
progresses, but their role in pathogenesis remains controversial. To address this …

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an inflammatory disorder
and has been proposed to have an imbalance between pro-inflammatory and anti …