Synthetic pyrethroid insecticides were introduced into widespread use for the control of
insect pests and disease vectors more than three decades ago. In addition to their value in …

The term “knockdown resistance” is used to describe cases of resistance to diphenylethane
(eg DDT) and pyrethroid insecticides in insects and other arthropods that result from …

Voltage-gated sodium channels are critical for the generation and propagation of action
potentials. They are the primary target of several classes of insecticides, including DDT …

Many of the insecticides in current use act on molecular targets in the insect nervous system.
Recently, our understanding of these targets has improved as a result of the complete …

Recent progress in the cloning of α (para) and β (TipE) Na channel sub‐units from
Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) and Musca domestica (housefly) have facilitated …

Knockdown resistance to DDT and the pyrethrins was first described in 1951 in the housefly
(Musca domestica L.). This trait, which confers reduced neuronal sensitivity to these …

Voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) are responsible for the initial inwards current
during the depolarisation phase of action potential in excitable cells. Therefore, VGSCs are …

Pyrethroids disrupt nerve function by altering the rapid kinetic transitions between
conducting and nonconducting states of voltage-gated sodium channels that underlie the …

The super-kdr insecticide resistance trait of the house fly confers resistance to pyrethroids
and DDT by reducing the sensitivity of the fly nervous system. The super-kdr genetic locus is …

Pyrethroid insecticides bind to voltage-sensitive sodium channels and modify their gating
kinetics, thereby disrupting nerve function. This paper describes the action of 11 structurally …