The tumor microenvironment plays a crucial role in cancer development and treatment.
Traditional 2D cell cultures fail to fully replicate the complete tumor microenvironment, while …

Liver diseases are the primary reason for morbidity and mortality in the world. Owing to a
shortage of organ donors and postoperative immune rejection, patients routinely suffer from …

Diabetic foot ulcers are one of the most serious of the numerous complications of diabetes
mellitus, causing great physical trauma and financial stress to patients, and accelerating …

The cell spheroid technology, which greatly enhances cell-cell interactions, has gained
significant attention in the development of in vitro liver models. However, existing cell …

Lung cancer still has one of the highest morbidity and mortality rates among all types of
cancer. Its incidence continues to increase, especially in developing countries. Although the …

The mechanical environment is important for tumorigenesis and progression. Tumor cells
can sense mechanical signals by mechanosensitive receptors, and these mechanical …

Breast cancer stem cells (CSCs) play a pivotal role in therapy resistance and tumor relapse,
emphasizing the need for reliable in vitro models that recapitulate the complexity of the CSC …

Breast cancer (BC) progression is substantially driven by cellular cross‐talk between tumor
and stromal cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME). However, lack of precise …

The development of three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting technology has provided a new
solution to address the shortage of donors, multiple surgeries, and aesthetic concerns in …

The liver is a pivotal organ that maintains internal homeostasis and actively participates in
multiple physiological processes. Liver tissue engineering (LTE), by which in vitro …