This review focuses on the powerful pain facilitatory effects produced by the immune system.
Immune cells, activated in response to infection, inflammation, or trauma, release proteins …

Polymodal nociceptors respond to mechanical, thermal and chemical stimuli. Whereas
sensitivities to heat and to the irritant substance capsaicin have recently been linked via the …

Although injury-induced afferent discharge declines significantly over time, experimental
neuropathic pain persists unchanged for long periods. These observations suggest that …

Chronic musculoskeletal pain is a major clinical problem and there is a general lack of
animal models to study this condition. Carrageenan is commonly used to produce short …

The opioid analgesics, commonly exemplified by morphine, represent the best option for the
treatment of severe pain and for the management of chronic pain states, of both malignant …

Neuropathic pain is associated with abnormal tactile and thermal responses that may be
extraterritorial to the injured nerve. Importantly, tactile allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia …

In previous studies, we have shown that loss of spinal neurons that possess the substance P
receptor (SPR) attenuated pain and hyperalgesia produced by capsaicin, inflammation, and …

Neurons in the rostroventromedial medulla (RVM) project to spinal loci where the neurons
inhibit or facilitate pain transmission. Abnormal activity of facilitatory processes may thus …

Long-term potentiation in the spinal dorsal horn requires peptidergic C-fibre activation in
animals. Perceptual correlates of long-term potentiation following high-frequency electrical …

Translational control through the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is critical for
synaptic plasticity, cell growth, and axon guidance. Recently, it was also shown that mTOR …