MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) signaling pathways regulate a variety of biological
processes through multiple cellular mechanisms. In most of these processes, such as …

Metal ions are essential for many reactions, but excess metals can be toxic. In bacteria,
metal limitation activates pathways that are involved in the import and mobilization of metals …

Although iron (Fe) is one of the most abundant elements in the earth's crust, its low solubility
in soils restricts Fe uptake by plants. Most plant species acquire Fe by acidifying the …

During inflammation, proinflammatory macrophages sequester iron as a well known
bacteriostatic mechanism. Alternative activation of macrophages is linked to tissue repair …

Wolbachia are ubiquitous inherited endosymbionts of invertebrates that invade host
populations by modifying host reproductive systems. However, some strains lack the ability …

The ferric uptake regulator (Fur) protein, as originally described in Escherichia coli, is an iron-
sensing repressor that controls the expression of genes for siderophore biosynthesis and …

Iron is an important cofactor required for a number of essential cell functions and hence is a
vital nutrient. However, iron can also be dangerous as a catalyst of free radical reactions …

Plants have developed sophisticated mechanisms to tightly control the acquisition and
distribution of copper and iron in response to environmental fluctuations. Recent studies with …

An important challenge in environmental biogeochemistry is the determination of the
bioavailability of toxic and essential trace compounds in natural media. For trace metals, it is …

Iron is one of the most important metals in the metabolism of many organisms, including
bacteria, in which it serves as a cofactor in multiple enzymatic reactions. Most of the earlier …