Background Spasticity is defined as “a motor disorder characterised by a velocity dependent
increase in tonic stretch reflexes (muscle tone) with exaggerated tendon jerks”. It is a highly …

Spasticity is a common sequala of the upper motor neuron lesions. For instance, it often
occurs in the first 4 weeks after stroke and is seen in more than one-third of stroke survivors …

Medical robotics is a rapidly advancing discipline that is leading the evolution of robot-
assisted surgery, personalized rehabilitation and assistance, and hospital automation. In …

Background This study intended to analyze the application of extracorporeal shock wave
therapy in medicine and to evaluate the quality of related literature. Methods All publications …

Objective The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of extracorporeal
shock wave therapy on spasticity after upper motor neuron injury. Design Eight electronic …

This paper presents the modeling of the user's dynamics synchronized with a wrist and
forearm exoskeleton of 3 degrees of freedom (DoF). The biomechanical model includes …

Stroke is a severe injury of the central nervous system (CNS) and one of the leading causes
of long-term disability and mortality. One of the main symptoms of neurological diseases is …

Background: Spasticity is a motor disorder characterised by exaggerated movements of the
tendons and accompanied by hyperreflexia and hypertonia. Extracorporeal shock wave …

Purpose To provide updated evidence about the effects of MT with ES for recovering upper
extremities motor function in people with stroke. Methods Systematic review and meta …

Background Traditionally both rESWT and TENS are used in treating post-stroke upper limb
spasticity over years and their effectiveness had been assessed disjointedly. However …