Sex and gender deeply affect the subjective effects and pharmaco-toxicological responses
to drugs. Men are more likely than women to use almost all types of illicit drugs and to …

In this review article, we aimed to discuss intricate roles of SD in modulating depression in
preclinical and clinical studies. Decades of research have shown the inconsistent effects of …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent progressive neurodegenerative
disease, characterized by loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra, with deficiency …

In spite of the increasing epidemic of pharmaceutical opioids (codeine and tramadol) misuse
and abuse among the adolescents, little is known about the neurotoxic consequences of the …

In the midst of an escalating US opioid crisis, the immediate focus of public health
interventions is on fatal overdose prevention. Few studies, however, have sought to examine …

Hexaconazole is a widely used and frequently detected fungicide which is also reported to
be persistent in environment. The toxicity of Hex to non-organisms such as reproductive …

Tramadol is one of the most commonly prescribed analgesic opioids in various
pharmacopeias. Tramadol has been linked to abuse in recent clinical investigations …

Tramadol and tapentadol are chemically related opioids prescribed for the analgesia of
moderate to severe pain. Although safer than classical opioids, they are associated with …

Rationale Tramadol and ethanol, as psychoactive agents, are often abused. Discovering the
molecular pathways of drug-induced memory creation may contribute to preventing drug …

Tramadol, a weak agonist of mu-opioid receptors, causes seizure via several mechanisms.
Preconditioning has been purposed to reduce the epileptic seizures in animal models of …