The prevalence of cardiometabolic disorders in both women and men has increased
worldwide and is linked to a rise in obesity and obesity-associated associated clustering of …

Energy is required to sustain life and enable stress adaptation. At the cellular level, energy is
largely derived from mitochondria–unique multifunctional organelles with their own genome …

Major differences between men and women exist in epidemiology, manifestation,
pathophysiology, treatment, and outcome of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), such as …

Intervertebral disc degeneration is a very common type of degenerative disease causing
severe socioeconomic impact, as well as a major cause of discogenic low back pain and …

Age, apolipoprotein E ε4 (APOE) and chromosomal sex are well-established risk factors for
late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD; AD). Over 60% of persons with AD harbor at least …

Increasing evidence suggests estrogen and estrogen signaling pathway disturbances
across psychiatric disorders. Estrogens are not only crucial in sexual maturation and …

After advanced age, female sex is the major risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease
(AD), the most common cause of dementia affecting over 24 million people worldwide. The …

Aging is an inevitable biological process characterized by a progressive decline in
physiological function and increased susceptibility to disease. The detrimental effects of …

Hormones regulate homeostasis by communicating through the bloodstream to the body's
organs, including the brain. As homeostatic regulators of brain function, some hormones …

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is increasingly recognized as a complex metabolic
disorder that manifests in genetically susceptible women following a range of negative …