Exosomes are a type of extracellular vesicles, produced within multivesicular bodies, that
are then released into the extracellular space through a merging of the multivesicular body …

Smart biomaterials can sense and react to physiological or external environmental stimuli
(eg, mechanical, chemical, electrical, or magnetic signals). The last decades have seen …

Tumor immunotherapy has transformed neoplastic disease management, yet low response
rates and immune complications persist as major challenges. Extracellular vesicles …

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent chronic whole-joint disease characterized by low-grade
systemic inflammation, degeneration of joint-related tissues such as articular cartilage, and …

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a widespread clinical disease characterized by cartilage degeneration
in middle-aged and elderly people. Currently, there is no effective treatment for OA apart …

Regenerative medicine in tissue engineering often relies on stem cells and specific growth
factors at a supraphysiological dose. These approaches are costly and may cause severe …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are secreted by both eukaryotes and prokaryotes, and are
present in all biological fluids of vertebrates, where they transfer DNA, RNA, proteins, lipids …

Some scholars have suggested that the clinical application of exosomes derived from
human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hucMSCs-exo) might represent a novel …

Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is an emerging technology based on 3D digital imaging
technology and multi-level continuous printing. The precise positioning of biological …

As an emerging cell-free therapy, exosomes derived from stem cells have been widely
explored for tissue regeneration. However, it is still a great challenge to achieve the …