Stroke is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and consists of two types,
ischemic and hemorrhagic. Currently, there is no effective treatment to increase the survival …

Various diseases remain untreated due to lack of suitable therapeutic moiety or a suitable
drug delivery device, especially where toxicities and side effects are the primary reason for …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are recognition molecules for multiple pathogens, including
bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. TLR2 forms heterodimers with TLR1 and TLR6, which …

The transport of Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) to various organelles has emerged as an
essential means by which innate immunity is regulated. While most of our knowledge is …

Recognition of microbial pathogens and dead cells and their phagocytic uptake by
specialized immune cells are essential to maintain host homeostasis. Phagosomes undergo …

Accumulation and turnover of extracellular matrix components are the hallmarks of tissue
injury. Fragmented hyaluronan stimulates the expression of inflammatory genes by a variety …

The innate immune system constitutes the first line of defense against invading microbial
pathogens and relies on a large family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which detect …

Phagocytosis—the process by which macrophages, dendritic cells and other myeloid
phagocytes internalize diverse particulate targets—is a key mechanism of innate immunity …

One of the mechanisms by which the innate immune system senses the invasion of
pathogenic microorganisms is through the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which recognize …

The innate immune system is a universal and ancient form of host defense against infection.
Innate immune recognition relies on a limited number of germline-encoded receptors. These …