Central sensitization represents an enhancement in the function of neurons and circuits in
nociceptive pathways caused by increases in membrane excitability and synaptic efficacy as …

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) was discovered more than a century ago, and its known
roles have extended from within the immune system to include a neuro-inflammatory domain …

Peripheral mediators can contribute to the development and maintenance of inflammatory
and neuropathic pain and its concomitants (hyperalgesia and allodynia) via two …

Transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1), classically associated with
transduction of high-temperature and low-pH pain, underlies pain hypersensitivity in …

Kinins are endogenous peptides that belong to the kallikrein-kinin system, which has been
extensively studied for over a century. Their essential role in multiple physiological and …

Background The pro-nociceptive kinin B 1 receptor (B 1 R) is upregulated on sensory C-
fibres, astrocytes and microglia in the spinal cord of streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rat. This …

Inflammation is one of the main causes of pathologic pain. Knowledge of the molecular links
between inflammatory signals and pain-mediating neuronal signals is essential for …

Neuropathic pain is a debilitating form of treatment resistant chronic pain and responds
poorly to the clinically available therapies. Studies from animal models of neuropathic pain …

Apart from the well-documented role of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS)
in regulating the blood pressure and other related parameters, its role in modulating different …

Complex regional pain syndrome type-I (CRPS-I) is a chronic painful condition resulting
from trauma. Bradykinin (BK) is an important inflammatory mediator required in acute and …