Voltage-gated calcium channels couple depolarization of the cell-surface membrane to entry
of calcium, which triggers secretion, contraction, neurotransmission, gene expression, and …

Abstract Calcium (Ca 2+) is an universal second messenger that regulates the most
important activities of all eukaryotic cells. It is of critical importance to neurons as it …

Background Migraine is a disabling and chronic neurovascular headache disorder.
Trigeminal vascular activation and release of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) play a …

Animal models have provided a growing body of information about the pathophysiology of
headaches and novel therapeutic targets. In recent years, experiments in awake animals …

Psychiatric disorders are mental, behavioral or emotional disorders. These conditions are
prevalent, one in four adults suffer from any type of psychiatric disorders world-wide. It has …

Vestibular migraine (VM) is a common disorder in which genetic, epigenetic, and
environmental factors probably contribute to its development. The pathophysiology of VM is …

Background There is increasing evidence from human and animal studies that cortical
spreading depression (CSD) is the neurophysiological correlate of migraine aura and a …

Migraine with aura is a common but poorly understood sensory circuit disorder. Monogenic
models allow an opportunity to investigate its mechanisms, including spreading …

Abstract α 2 δ proteins are membrane-anchored extracellular glycoproteins which are
abundantly expressed in the brain and the peripheral nervous system. They serve as …

Objective Chronic migraine (CM) is often associated with chronic tenderness of pericranial
muscles. A distinct increase in muscle tenderness prior to onset of occipital headache that …