Objective: The aim was to update the guidelines for the management of thyroid dysfunction
during pregnancy and postpartum published previously in 2007. A summary of changes …

Despite decades of research aimed at identifying the causes of postpartum depression
(PPD), PPD remains common, and the causes are poorly understood. Many have attributed …

Background: Thyroid disease in pregnancy is a common clinical problem. Since the
guidelines for the management of these disorders by the American Thyroid Association …

This guideline has been produced as the official statement of the European Thyroid
Association guideline committee. Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) in pregnancy is defined …

Context: Thyroid dysfunction is one of the leading endocrine disorders. Previous data show
that about half of the population with thyroid dysfunction remains undiagnosed. Objective …

Pregnancy has a profound impact on the thyroid gland and thyroid function. The gland
increases 10% in size during pregnancy in iodine-replete countries and by 20%–40% in …

Via its interaction in several pathways, normal thyroid function is important to maintain
normal reproduction. In both genders, changes in SHBG and sex steroids are a consistent …

Background: Hypothyroidism has multiple etiologies and manifestations. Appropriate
treatment requires an accurate diagnosis and is influenced by coexisting medical conditions …

Subclinical thyroid diseases—subclinical hyperthyroidism and subclinical hypothyroidism—
are common clinical entities that encompass mild degrees of thyroid dysfunction. The clinical …

Subclinical thyroid disease (SCTD) is defined as serum free T4 and free T3 levels within
their respective reference ranges in the presence of abnormal serum TSH levels. SCTD is …