Small GTPases use GDP/GTP alternation to actuate a variety of functional switches that are
pivotal for cell dynamics. The GTPase switch is turned on by GEFs, which stimulate …

Dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages use various receptors to recognize foreign antigens
and to receive feedback control from adaptive immune cells. Although it was long believed …

Conventional ubiquitination involves the ATP-dependent formation of amide bonds between
the ubiquitin C terminus and primary amines in substrate proteins. Recently, SdeA, an …

Bacterial type IV secretion systems (T4SSs) are a versatile group of nanomachines that can
horizontally transfer DNA through conjugation and deliver effector proteins into a wide range …

Many bacteria have evolved specialized nanomachines with the remarkable ability to inject
multiple bacterially encoded effector proteins into eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells. Known as …

Of the many pathogens that infect humans and animals, a large number use cells of the host
organism as protected sites for replication. To reach the relevant intracellular compartments …

Eukaryotic cells can use the autophagy pathway to defend against microbes that gain
access to the cytosol or reside in pathogen-modified vacuoles. It remains unclear if …

Closely related pathogens may differ dramatically in host range, but the molecular, genetic,
and evolutionary basis for these differences remains unclear. In many Gram-negative …

The bacterial type IV secretion systems (T4SSs) translocate DNA and protein substrates to
bacterial or eukaryotic target cells generally by a mechanism dependent on direct cell-to-cell …

A widespread strategy employed by pathogens to establish infection is to inhibit host-cell
protein synthesis. Legionella pneumophila, an intracellular bacterial pathogen and the …