Brain fluids are rigidly regulated to provide stable environments for neuronal function, eg,
low K+, Ca 2+, and protein to optimise signalling and minimise neurotoxicity. At the same …

Abstract Purpose of Review Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage remains a devastating
disease process despite medical advances made over the past 3 decades. Much of the …

INTRODUCTION Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) covers and protects the brain from mechanical
injury. CSF also flows along an interconnected network of perivascular spaces surrounding …

Brain edema is a severe stroke complication that is associated with prolonged
hospitalization and poor outcomes. Swollen tissues in the brain compromise cerebral …

Focal brain damage after aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage predominantly results
from intracerebral haemorrhage, and early and delayed cerebral ischaemia. The …

When a main artery of the brain occludes, a cellular response involving multiple cell types
follows. Cells directly affected by the lack of glucose and oxygen in the neuronal core die by …

Neuronal cytotoxic edema is the morphological correlate of the near-complete neuronal
battery breakdown called spreading depolarization, or conversely, spreading depolarization …

Ischemic stroke is a vascular central nervous system (CNS) disease that leads a disability
and death. Thrombolysis and neuroprotection are the primary treatment strategies of …

Objective Restoring the circulation is the primary goal in emergency treatment of cerebral
ischemia. However, better understanding of how the brain responds to energy depletion …

Seizures often herald the clinical appearance of gliomas or appear at later stages.
Dissecting their precise evolution and cellular pathogenesis in brain malignancies could …