The study of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT) is rapidly progressing in many aspects. Novel
BoNTs are being discovered owing to next generation sequencing, but their biologic and …

Already a well-established treatment for different autonomic and movement disorders, the
use of botulinum toxin type A (BoNT/A) in pain conditions is now continuously expanding …

Botulinum toxin (BoNT) has been used as a treatment for excessive muscle stiffness,
spasticity, and dystonia. BoNT for approximately 40 years, and has recently been used to …

Movement disorders, which include disorders such as Parkinson's disease, dystonia,
Tourette's syndrome, restless legs syndrome, and akathisia, have traditionally been …

Background Data from previous studies suggest that botulinum toxin A has analgesic effects
against peripheral neuropathic pain, but the quality of the evidence is low. We aimed to …

Neuropathic pain caused by nerve injury or disease remains a major challenge for modern
medicine worldwide. Most of the pathogenic mechanisms underlying neuropathic pain are …

Clostridium botulinum, a polyphyletic Gram-positive taxon of bacteria, is classified purely by
their ability to produce botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT). BoNT is the primary virulence factor …

Tetanus and botulinum neurotoxins cause the neuroparalytic syndromes of tetanus and
botulism, respectively, by delivering inside different types of neurons, metalloproteases …

This review evaluates the existing level of evidence for efficacy of BoNTs in different pain
syndromes using the recommended efficacy criteria from the Assessment and Therapeutic …

Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT), derived from Clostridium botulinum, has been used
therapeutically for focal dystonia, spasticity, and chronic migraine. Its spectrum as a potential …