Pupils respond to three distinct kinds of stimuli: they constrict in response to brightness (the
pupil light response), constrict in response to near fixation (the pupil near response), and …

Research on cognitive control and executive function has long recognized the relevance of
motivational factors. Recently, however, the topic has come increasingly to center stage, with …

Pupillometry is the study of changes in the diameter of the pupil as a function of cognitive
processing. This review paper provides a brief historical overview of the study of …

Recent years have seen a rejuvenation of interest in studies of motivation–cognition
interactions arising from many different areas of psychology and neuroscience. The present …

Goal-directed action in changing environments requires a dynamic balance between
complementary control modes, which serve antagonistic adaptive functions (eg, to shield …

Studies examining individual differences in working memory capacity (WMC) have
suggested that low WMC individuals have particular deficits in attention control processes …

Highlights•Motivation may have a preferential impact on proactive cognitive control
mechanisms.•Dopamine signals may enhance control by modulating prefrontal task …

Cognitive workload is of central importance in the fields of human factors and ergonomics. A
reliable measurement of cognitive workload could allow for improvements in human …

It is becoming increasingly appreciated that affective and/or motivational influences
contribute strongly to goal-oriented cognition and behavior. An unresolved question is …

Young children engage cognitive control reactively in response to events, rather than
proactively preparing for events. Such limitations in executive control have been explained …