Long-term memory formation is a major function of sleep. Based on evidence from
neurophysiological and behavioral studies mainly in humans and rodents, we consider the …

Sleep spindles are burstlike signals in the electroencephalogram (EEG) of the sleeping
mammalian brain and electrical surface correlates of neuronal oscillations in thalamus. As …

Cortical state, defined by population-level neuronal activity patterns, determines sensory
perception. While arousal-associated neuromodulators—including norepinephrine (NE) …

Sleep is essential for both cognition and maintenance of healthy brain function. Slow waves
in neural activity contribute to memory consolidation, whereas cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) …

The proposed mechanisms of sleep-dependent memory consolidation involve the overnight
regulation of neural activity at both synaptic and whole-network levels. Now, there is a lack …

Sleep is an essential process that supports learning and memory by acting on synapses
through poorly understood molecular mechanisms. Using biochemistry, proteomics, and …

Sleep interacts reciprocally with immune system activity, but its specific relationship with
microglia—the resident immune cells in the brain—remains poorly understood. Here, we …

Brain activity during sleep is characterized by circuit-specific oscillations, including slow
waves, spindles and theta waves, which are nested in thalamocortical or hippocampal …

Identifying biomarkers for major depression is of high importance for improving diagnosis
and treatment of this common and debilitating neuropsychiatric disorder, as the field seeks …

Deep non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREM) and general anesthesia with propofol are
prominent states of reduced arousal linked to the occurrence of synchronized oscillations in …