Fungi are an understudied, biotechnologically valuable group of organisms. Due to the
immense range of habitats that fungi inhabit, and the consequent need to compete against a …

Plants are often exposed to abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, heat, cold, and heavy
metals that induce complex responses, which result in reduced growth as well as crop yield …

Microbes of the phytomicrobiome are associated with every plant tissue and, in combination
with the plant form the holobiont. Plants regulate the composition and activity of their …

Phytohormones are endogenously produced organic substances indispensable for
regulating plant growth and yield and also play major role in inducing tolerance to plants …

Plants are affected by various environmental stresses such as high or low temperatures,
drought, and high salt levels, which can disrupt their normal cellular functioning and impact …

Chromium (Cr) is an element naturally occurring in rocky soils and volcanic dust. It has been
classified as a carcinogen agent according to the International Agency for Research on …

Background Increasing crop production to feed a growing population has driven the use of
mineral fertilizers to ensure nutrients availability and fertility of agricultural soils. After …

Soil contamination with cadmium (Cd) is a severe concern for the developing world due to
its non-biodegradability and significant potential to damage the ecosystem and associated …

The rhizosphere is a thin film of soil that surrounds plant roots and the primary location of
nutrient uptake, and is where important physiological, chemical, and biological activities are …

The present scenario of agricultural sector is dependent hugely on the use of chemical-
based fertilizers and pesticides that impact the nutritional quality, health status, and …