Macrophages are the gatekeepers of intestinal immune homeostasis as they discriminate
between innocuous antigens and potential pathogens to maintain oral tolerance. However …

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory state of the gastrointestinal tract
and can be classified into 2 main clinical phenomena: Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative …

Inflammation of the human lung is mediated in response to different stimuli (eg, physical,
radioactive, infective, pro-allergenic or toxic) such as cigarette smoke and environmental …

The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, a neuroendocrine network that controls
hormonal responses to internal and external challenges in an organism's environment …

Various therapeutic advances have led to a paradigm shift in the clinical management of
patients with IBD. The introduction of immunosuppressive (such as azathioprine) and …

Though widely known as the body's stress hormone, Cortisol has a variety of effects on
different functions throughout the body. It is the main glucocorticoid released from the zona …

Parietal cells are responsible for gastric acid secretion, which aids in the digestion of food,
absorption of minerals, and control of harmful bacteria. However, a fine balance of activators …

Glucocorticoids are essential steroid hormones secreted from the adrenal gland in response
to stress. Since their discovery in the 1940s, glucocorticoids have been widely prescribed to …

Identifying signals in the tumor microenvironment (TME) that shape CD8+ T cell phenotype
can inform novel therapeutic approaches for cancer. Here, we identified a gradient of …

A deeper understanding of the pathomechanisms leading to stress-related psychiatric
disorders is important for the development of more efficient preventive and therapeutic …