Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is an immune checkpoint inhibitor that binds to its
receptor PD-1 expressed by T cells and other immune cells to regulate immune responses; …

Cisplatin (CP) is a well-known chemotherapeutic agent with excellent clinical effects. The
anti-tumor activity of CP has been demonstrated in different cancers such as breast, cervical …

Doxorubicin (DOX) is extensively applied in cancer therapy due to its efficacy in suppressing
cancer progression and inducing apoptosis. After its discovery, this chemotherapeutic agent …

Altered metabolic patterns in tumor cells not only meet their own growth requirements but
also shape an immunosuppressive microenvironment through multiple mechanisms …

Cancer still remains as one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Metastasis and
proliferation are abnormally increased in cancer cells that subsequently, mediate resistance …

Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) gene encodes a tumor suppressor protein which
is altered in several malignancies. This protein is a negative regulator of the PI3K/AKT …

SOX transcription factors are critical regulators of development, homeostasis and disease
progression and their dysregulation is a common finding in various cancers. SOX9 belongs …

Lung cancer (LC) is a leading cause of death worldwide with high mortality and morbidity. A
wide variety of risk factors are considered for LC development such as smoking, air pollution …

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are well-known regulators of biological mechanisms with a small size
of 19–24 nucleotides and a single-stranded structure. miRNA dysregulation occurs in cancer …

The programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1)/programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) is a well-
established inhibitory immune checkpoint axis in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) …