Placebo analgesia involves the endogenous opioid system, as administration of the opioid
antagonist naloxone decreases placebo analgesia. To investigate the opioidergic …

The highly disagreeable sensation of pain results from an extraordinarily complex and
interactive series of mechanisms integrated at all levels of the neuroaxis, from the periphery …

The present edition of The Human Central Nervous System differs considerably from its
predecessors. In previous editions, the text was essentially confined to a section dealing …

The opioid epidemic has led to a serious examination of the use of opioids for the treatment
of pain. Opioid drugs are effective due to the expression of opioid receptors throughout the …

We present a detailed framework for understanding the numerous and complicated
interactions among psychological and social determinants of pain through examination of …

Spinal sensory transmission is under descending biphasic modulation, and descending
facilitation is believed to contribute to chronic pain. Descending modulation from the …

Introduction: Given our improved understanding of the role of central sensitization (CS) in
many patients with chronic pain, it seems rational to account for CS during treatment. Areas …

In this review, we integrate recent human and animal studies from the viewpoint of chronic
pain. First, we briefly review the impact of chronic pain on society and address current pitfalls …

The perception of pain is subject to powerful influences. Understanding how these are
mediated at a neuroanatomical and neurobiological level provides us with valuable …

Acute pain induces depressed mood, and chronic pain is known to cause depression.
Depression, meanwhile, can also adversely affect pain behaviors ranging from …