Despite the widespread and extended use of sensor systems in different industries, there is
an important gap to reach equivalent conditions in pyrometallurgical processes for primary …

A flame emits energy over a wide spectral region, providing important information about the
combustion process. Its associated spectra, classified into continuous and discontinuous …

The effectivity of present copper smelting technologies have their roots in industrial and
laboratory-scale experience accumulated over the past decades. Since early '60s, the tools …

In this paper, we report on the spectral detection of wustite, Fe (II) oxide (FeO), and
magnetite, Fe (II, III) oxide (Fe3O4), molecular emissions during the combustion of pyrite …

Sensors and process control systems are essential for process automation and optimization.
Many sectors have adapted to the Industry 4.0 paradigm, but copper smelters remain …

Flash smelting and flash converting are mature technologies in copper and nickel sulfide
smelting. The sensitivity of operation concerning the furnace design is evident. It is obvious …

The project focused on the investigation of new sensing techniques in the copper production
industry, specifically in the flash smelting of copper concentrate process. In this paper, we …

ABSTRACT A flame-emission spectrometer was built to determine the elemental
composition of powdered minerals that are important in copper smelting processes. The …

Real-time temperature surveillance of the reactions and phase transformations in the flash
smelting furnaces burner flame is of vital importance to assess the operational process. For …

The pyrometallurgical processes for primary copper production have only off-line and time-
demanding analytical techniques to characterize the in and out streams of the smelting and …