Among the many heavy metals, chromium (Cr) is one of the fascinating ones. In its two most
prevalent oxidation forms, trivalent (Cr 3+) and hexavalent (Cr 6+), Cr has completely …

Chromium (Cr) is a naturally occurring metallic element found in the Earth's crust. While
trivalent chromium ([Cr (III)] is considered non-carcinogenic, hexavalent chromium [Cr (VI)] …

Chromium (Cr) is a common element in the Earth's crust. It may exist in different oxidation
states, Cr (0), Cr (III) and Cr (VI), with Cr (III) and Cr (VI) being relatively stable and largely …

Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) are the basis of spermatogenesis, and any damage to
SSCs may result in spermatogenic disorder and male infertility. Chromium (Cr)(VI) is a …

Simple Summary Environmental and occupational exposure to heavy metals are risk factors
for cancers. However, the molecular mechanisms of how heavy metals induce …

Inhalation exposure to hexavalent chromium [Cr (VI)] is associated with increased risk of
lung cancer with a mode of action (MOA) postulated to involve non-mutagenic key events …

A number of human biomonitoring (HBM) studies have presented data on exposure to
hexavalent chromium [Cr (VI)] and cadmium (Cd), but comparatively few include results on …

Chronic exposure to hexavalent chromium compounds [Cr (VI)] is associated with an
increased risk of cancers, but the molecular mechanisms remain to be elucidated. In this …

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic metal that contributes to human diseases such as pediatric cancer
and cardiovascular dysfunction. Epigenetic modification caused by Cd exposure is the major …

Abstract Hexavalent chromium [Cr (Ⅵ)] has extensive applications in industries, and long-
term occupational exposure to Cr (Ⅵ) may lead to lung carcinoma and other cancers. While …