Arthropods are the most diverse animal phylum, and their phylogenetic relationships have
been debated for centuries. With the advent of molecular phylogenetics, arthropods were …

Venoms are one of the most convergent of animal traits known, and encompass a much
greater taxonomic and functional diversity than is commonly appreciated. This knowledge …

Venomous animals have evolved toxins that interfere with specific components of their
victim's core physiological systems, thereby causing biological dysfunction that aids in prey …

Animals display a fascinating diversity of body plans. Correspondingly, genomic analyses
have revealed dynamic evolution of gene gains and losses among animal lineages. Here …

Venoms have evolved> 100 times in all major animal groups, and their components, known
as toxins, have been fine-tuned over millions of years into highly effective biochemical …

The piercing-sucking mouthparts of the true bugs (Insecta: Hemiptera: Heteroptera) have
allowed diversification from a plant-feeding ancestor into a wide range of trophic strategies …

Venoms have evolved over a hundred times in animals. Venom toxins are thought to evolve
mostly by recruitment of endogenous proteins with physiological functions. Here we report …

Assassin bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae) are venomous insects, most of which
prey on invertebrates. Assassin bug venom has features in common with venoms from other …

Venoms are a complex cocktail of biologically active molecules, including peptides, proteins,
polyamide, and enzymes widely produced by venomous organisms. Through long-term …

Comprising of over a million described species of highly diverse invertebrates, Arthropoda is
amongst the most successful animal lineages to have colonized aerial, terrestrial, and …