The gastrointestinal tract is a highly proliferative and regenerative tissue. The intestine also
harbors a large and diverse microbial population collectively called the gut microbiome …

The defining hallmark of stem cells is their ability to self-renew and maintain multipotency.
This capacity depends on the balance of complex signals in their microenvironment. Low …

Hypoxia and free radicals, such as reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, can alter the
function and/or activity of the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF1). Interplay …

Inflammation is a complex and potentially life-threatening condition that involves the
participation of a variety of chemical mediators, signaling pathways, and cell types. The …

Several small molecule species formally known primarily as toxic gases have, over the past
20 years, been shown to be endogenously generated signaling molecules. The biological …

Blood vessels form an important interface between the environment and the organism by
carrying oxygen and nutrients to all cells and thus determining cellular metabolism. It is …

Angiogenesis is the process of blood vessel growth. The angiogenic switch consists of new
blood vessel formation that, in carcinogenesis, can lead to the transition from a harmless …

The heart has complex mechanisms that facilitate the maintenance of an oxygen supply–
demand balance necessary for its contractile function in response to physiological …

Oxygen-dependent hydroxylation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-α subunits by prolyl
hydroxylase domain (PHD) proteins signals their polyubiquitination and proteasomal …

Oxygen availability varies throughout the human body in health and disease. Under
physiological conditions, oxygen availability drops from the lungs over the blood stream …