Bladder cancer is a global health issue with sex differences in incidence and prognosis.
Bladder cancer has distinct molecular subtypes with multiple pathogenic pathways …

Among deregulated microRNAs (miRs) in human malignancies, miR-221 has been widely
investigated for its oncogenic role and as a promising biomarker. Moreover, recent evidence …

Background Standard treatment for high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer is
transurethral resection of bladder tumour followed by intravesical BCG immunotherapy …

Immune-checkpoint blockade (ICB) has been routinely implemented to treat bladder cancer;
however, most patients have little or no clinical benefit. In this study, 348 pretreated …

Since the 1980s, medicinal effects have been documented in scientific studies with the
related Basidiomycota mushrooms Agaricus blazei Murill (AbM), Hericium erinaceus (HE) …

Background Patients with lymph node (LN) metastatic bladder cancer (BCa) present with
extremely poor prognosis. BCa‐derived exosomes function as crucial bioactive cargo …

Bladder cancer is one of the most significant genitourinary cancer, causing high morbidity
and mortality in a great number of patients. Over the years, various treatment methods for …

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a widely-studied class of non-coding RNAs characterized by their
short length (18-25 nucleotides). The precise functions of miRNAs are not well-elucidated; …

Simple Summary Apart from genetic changes, cancer is characterized by epigenetic
alterations, which indicate modifications in the DNA (such as DNA methylation) and histones …

Biological sex, being female or male, broadly influences diverse immune phenotypes,
including immune responses to diseases at mucosal surfaces. Sex hormones, sex …