Introduction: To date, clinical trials of deep brain stimulation (DBS) for refractory chronic pain
have yielded unsatisfying results. Recent evidence suggests that the posterior insula may …

Background: Opioid long-term therapy can produce tolerance, opioid-induced hyperalgesia
(OIH), and it induces dysfunction in pain descending pain inhibitory system (DPIS) …

Neuroimaging studies of patients with chronic pain have shown that neurotransmitter
abnormalities, including increases in glutamate and decreases in GABA, could be …

Chronic pain is an important public health problem, and there is a need to understand the
mechanisms that lead to pain chronification. From a neurobiological perspective, the …

Fibromyalgia is a chronic pain syndrome, characterized by widespread musculoskeletal
pain with diffuse tenderness at multiple tender points. Despite intense investigations, the …

Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is a chronic widespread pain condition probably comprising
subgroups with different underlying pathomechanisms. There is increasing evidence for …

The management of chronic neuropathic pain remains a challenge, because pain is
subjective, and measuring it objectively is usually out of question. However, neuropathic …

An imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission has been linked to
fibromyalgia (FM). Magnetic resonance spectroscopy has shown increased levels of …

Objectives: The aim of this study was to systematically review the literature concerning
proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (H-MRS) measured glutamate levels in specific …

There is an estimated 3 million women in the US living as breast cancer survivors and
persistent cancer related fatigue (PCRF) disrupts the lives of an estimated 30% of these …