Wearable electrochemical sensors capable of noninvasive monitoring of chemical markers
represent a rapidly emerging digital-health technology. Recent advances toward wearable …

Urine drug testing is frequently used in clinical, employment, educational, and legal settings
and misinterpretation of test results can result in significant adverse consequences for the …

Drug of abuse (DOA) consumption is a growing problem worldwide, particularly with
increasing numbers of new psychoactive substances (NPS) entering the drug market …

Although generally robust, immunoassays remain vulnerable to occasional analytical errors
that may have serious implications for patient care. Sporadic errors that occur as a result of …

Urine drug testing plays an important role in monitoring licit and illicit drug use for both
medico-legal and clinical purposes. One of the major challenges of urine drug testing is …

Urine is recognized as the prime matrix for drug test screening with well-established
methods and testing protocols. Its major limitation is with regard to the inconvenience of …

The terms 'false-positive'and 'false-negative'are widely used in discussions of urine drug test
(UDT) results. These terms are inadequate because they are used in different ways by …

The relevance of the problem of urine tampering is well-known in forensic toxicology, with
sample dilution being the most used method to cheat toxicological controls. Among the …

In many countries, adherence testing is used to monitor consumption behavior or to prove
abstinence. Urine and hair are most commonly used, although other biological fluids are …

A water-soluble cationic conjugated polyelectrolyte (CPE), poly (1, 4-bis (6-(1-
methylimidazolium)-hexyloxy)-benzene bromide)(PMI) displays extraordinary stability over …