A ubiquitously expressed cytokine, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) plays a
significant role in various ongoing cellular mechanisms. The gain or loss-of-function of TGF …

The α-Klotho protein (henceforth denoted Klotho) has antiaging properties, as first observed
in mice homozygous for a hypomorphic Klotho gene (kl/kl). These mice have a shortened …

Cancer cells adapt to varying stress conditions to survive through plasticity. Stem cells
exhibit a high degree of plasticity, allowing them to generate more stem cells or differentiate …

The thymus is a critical immune organ with endocrine and immune functions that plays
important roles in the physiological and pathological processes of the body. However, with …

Metformin is a widespread antidiabetic agent that is commonly used as a treatment against
type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Regarding its therapeutic potential, multiple studies have …

Immunotherapy has been recognized as an effective and important therapeutic modality for
multiple types of cancer. Nevertheless, it has been increasing recognized that clinical …

In 1971, Folkman proposed that tumors could be limited to very small sizes by blocking
angiogenesis. Angiogenesis is the generation of new blood vessels from pre-existing …

Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) is a member of the transforming growth factor beta
(TGF-β) superfamily of cytokines responsible for stem cells' commitment to differentiation …

This review explores the mechanisms of chronic radiation-induced skin injury fibrosis,
focusing on the transition from acute radiation damage to a chronic fibrotic state. It reviewed …

In humans, the UDP-N-α-D galactosamine: polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases
family (ppGalNAc-Ts, GalNAc-Ts or GALNTs) comprises 20 isoenzymes. They are …