The cochlear efferent system comprises multiple populations of brainstem neurons whose
axons project to the cochlea, and whose responses to acoustic stimuli lead to regulation of …

Introduction In the mammalian auditory pathway, the nuclei of the lateral lemniscus (NLL)
are thought to be exclusively involved in the bottom-up transmission of auditory information …

Neuropeptides play key roles in shaping the organization and function of neuronal circuits.
In the inferior colliculus (IC), which is in the auditory midbrain, Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is …

The vertebrate ear is endowed with remarkable perceptual capabilities. The faintest sounds
produce vibrations of magnitudes comparable to those generated by thermal noise and can …

Understanding communication signals, especially in noisy environments, is crucial to social
interactions. Yet, as we age, acoustic signals can be disrupted by cochlear damage and the …

An auditory model has been developed with a time-varying, gain-control signal based on the
physiology of the efferent system and subcortical neural pathways. The medial olivocochlear …

Efferent neurons are believed to play essential roles in maintaining auditory function. The
lateral olivocochlear (LOC) neurons—which project from the brainstem to the inner ear …

Sound localization involves information analysis in the lateral superior olive (LSO), a
conspicuous nucleus in the mammalian auditory brainstem. LSO neurons weigh interaural …

The lateral superior olive (LSO) is a key structure in the central auditory system of mammals
that exerts efferent control on cochlear sensitivity and is involved in the processing of …

The encoding of acoustic stimuli requires precise neuron timing. Auditory neurons in the
cochlear nucleus (CN) and brainstem are well suited for accurate analysis of fast acoustic …