The discovery and clinical implementation of immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting
CTLA4, PD-1 and PD-L1 has revolutionized the treatment of cancer, as recognized by the …

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) has shown to be a significant obstacle to brain medication
delivery. The BBB in a healthy brain is a diffusion barrier that prevents most substances from …

G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent a ubiquitous membrane protein family and
are important drug targets. Their diverse signaling pathways are driven by complex …

Abstract A3 adenosine receptor (A3AR) is a cell membrane protein, which has been found to
be overexpressed in a large number of cancer types. This receptor plays an important role in …

The existing pandemic viral infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome
coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) leads to coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19). SARS …

Cholesterol is a major component of the cell membrane and commonly regulates membrane
protein function. Here, we investigate how cholesterol modulates the conformational …

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) precisely controls brain microenvironment and neural activity
by regulating substance transport into and out of the brain. However, it severely hinders drug …

Adenosine is a nucleoside that impacts the cardiovascular system via the activation of its
membrane receptors, named A1R, A2AR, A2BR and A3R. Adenosine is released during …

In modern societies, with an increase in the older population, age-related
neurodegenerative diseases have progressively become greater socioeconomic burdens …

Mental illnesses are a global health challenge, and effective medicines are needed to treat
these conditions. Psychotropic drugs are commonly prescribed to manage mental disorders …