Dopamine-releasing neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) have central roles in
reward-related and goal-directed behaviours. VTA dopamine-releasing neurons are …

Abstract Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a persistent, and impairing
pediatric-onset neurodevelopmental condition. Its high prevalence, and recurrent …

Dopamine (DA) neurons in the midbrain ventral tegmental area (VTA) integrate complex
inputs to encode multiple signals that influence motivated behaviors via diverse projections …

The ventral tegmental area (VTA) is best known for its robust dopaminergic projections to
forebrain regions and their critical role in regulating reward, motivation, cognition, and …

The ventral pallidum (VP) plays a critical role in the processing and execution of motivated
behaviors. Yet this brain region is often overlooked in published discussions of the …

The lateral habenula (LHb) is involved in reward, aversion, addiction and depression
through descending interactions with several brain structures, including the ventral …

The brain is wired to predict future outcomes. Experience-dependent plasticity at excitatory
synapses within dopamine neurons of the ventral tegmental area, a key region for a broad …

The ventral tegmental area (VTA) is well known for regulating reward consumption, learning,
memory, and addiction behaviors through mediating dopamine (DA) release in downstream …

Mesoaccumbens fibers are thought to co-release dopamine and glutamate. However, the
mechanism is unclear, and co-release by mesoaccumbens fibers has not been documented …

Basal forebrain cholinergic neurons influence cortical state, plasticity, learning, and
attention. They collectively innervate the entire cerebral cortex, differentially controlling …