Earth's biodiversity and human societies face pollution, overconsumption of natural
resources, urbanization, demographic shifts, social and economic inequalities, and habitat …

The ocean is home to a diverse and metabolically versatile microbial community that
performs the complex biochemical transformations that drive the nitrogen cycle, including …

This planetary boundaries framework update finds that six of the nine boundaries are
transgressed, suggesting that Earth is now well outside of the safe operating space for …

This chapter assesses simulations of future global climate change, spanning time horizons
from the near term (2021–2040), mid-term (2041–2060), and long term (2081–2100) out to …

Ocean and coastal ecosystems support life on Earth and many aspects of human well-being.
Covering two-thirds of the planet, the ocean hosts vast biodiversity and modulates the global …

It is unequivocal that the increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4)
and nitrous oxide (N2O) since the pre-industrial period are caused by human activities. The …

The ocean is warming, losing oxygen and being acidified, primarily as a result of
anthropogenic carbon emissions. With ocean warming, acidification and deoxygenation …

The future response of marine ecosystem diversity to continued anthropogenic forcing is
poorly constrained. Phytoplankton are a diverse set of organisms that form the base of the …

Projections of climate change impacts on marine ecosystems have revealed long-term
declines in global marine animal biomass and unevenly distributed impacts on fisheries …

This article introduces the second generation CMCC Earth System Model (CMCC‐ESM2)
that extends a number of marine and terrestrial biogeochemical processes with respect to its …