New palaeogeographical reconstructions for the earlier Ordovician (480 Ma), and later
Ordovician (450 Ma) integrate revised longitude-calibrated palaeomagnetic reconstructions …

A timeframe of glacial and nonglacial intervals in the Carboniferous and Permian systems of
eastern Australia was published by Fielding et al.(2008a). In this scheme, eight discrete …

Much of our understanding of Earth's past climate comes from the measurement of oxygen
and carbon isotope variations in deep-sea benthic foraminifera. Yet, long intervals in …

Anthropogenic increases in atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations are the main driver
of current and future climate change. The integrated assessment community has quantified …

The evolution of Earth's climate on geological timescales is largely driven by variations in
the magnitude of total solar irradiance (TSI) and changes in the greenhouse gas content of …

Palaeontologists characterize mass extinctions as times when the Earth loses more than
three-quarters of its species in a geologically short interval, as has happened only five times …

The design and function of leaf venation are important to plant performance, with key
implications for the distribution and productivity of ecosystems, and applications in …

Terrestrial ecosystems have encountered substantial warming over the past century, with
temperatures increasing about twice as rapidly over land as over the oceans. Here, we …

Although pH is a fundamental property of Earth's oceans, critical to our understanding of
seawater biogeochemistry, its long-timescale geologic history is poorly constrained. We …

During the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM),∼ 56 Mya, thousands of
petagrams of carbon were released into the ocean-atmosphere system with attendant …