BACKGROUND Evolution is a strongly historical process, and evolutionary biology is a field
that combines history and science. How the historical nature of evolution affects the …

The species concept is the cornerstone of biodiversity science, and any paradigm shift in the
delimitation of species affects many research fields. Many biologists now are embracing a …

Animals have diversified into a bewildering variety of morphological forms exploiting a
complex configuration of trophic niches. Their morphological diversity is widely used as an …

In recent years, scientists have realized that evolution can occur on timescales much shorter
than the" long lapse of ages" emphasized by Darwin—in fact, evolutionary change is …

Parallel evolution across replicate populations has provided evolutionary biologists with
iconic examples of adaptation. When multiple populations colonize seemingly similar …

The evolution of phenotypic similarities between species, known as convergence, illustrates
that populations can respond predictably to ecological challenges. Convergence often …

Same-sex sexual behaviour has attracted the attention of many scientists working in
disparate areas, from sociology and psychology to behavioural and evolutionary biology …

Our understanding of cancer is being transformed by exploring clonal diversity, drug
resistance, and causation within an evolutionary framework. The therapeutic resilience of …

Reconstructing the locomotion of extinct vertebrates offers insights into their palaeobiology
and helps to conceptualize major transitions in vertebrate evolution 1, 2, 3, 4. However …

Our understanding of the detailed molecular mechanisms underpinning adaptation is still
poor. One example for which mechanistic understanding of regulation has converged with …