The known seven mammalian receptor subunits (P2X1–7) form cationic channels gated by
ATP. Three subunits compose a receptor channel. Each subunit is a polypeptide consisting …

Adenosine 5′-triphosphate acts as an extracellular signalling molecule (purinergic
signalling), as well as an intracellular energy source. Adenosine 5′-triphosphate receptors …

Purinergic signalling, ie, the role of nucleotides as extracellular signalling molecules, was
proposed in 1972. However, this concept was not well accepted until the early 1990's when …

Sleep interacts reciprocally with immune system activity, but its specific relationship with
microglia—the resident immune cells in the brain—remains poorly understood. Here, we …

Dopamine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter involved in the pathology of schizophrenia. The
revised dopamine hypothesis states that dopamine abnormalities in the mesolimbic and …

Microglial cells, the resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS), exist in a
process-bearing, ramified/surveying phenotype under resting conditions. Upon activation by …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released by all cells under pathological and physiological
conditions. EVs harbor various biomolecules, including protein, lipid, non-coding RNA …

Abstract P2Y receptors are G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) for extracellular
nucleotides. There are eight mammalian P2Y receptor subtypes (P2Y 1, P2Y 2, P2Y 4, P2Y …

Despite decades of study, subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) continues to be a serious and
significant health problem in the United States and worldwide. The mechanisms contributing …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by protein
aggregation in the brain. Recent studies have revealed the critical role of microglia in AD …