Substance P (SP) is a highly conserved member of the tachykinin peptide family that is
widely expressed throughout the animal kingdom. The numerous members of the tachykinin …

[Frontiers in Bioscience 14, 5291-5338, June 1, 2009] 5291 Neurobiology of depression,
fibromyalgia and neuropathic pain Vladimi Page 1 [Frontiers in Bioscience 14, 5291-5338, June …

Objective Botulinum toxin type A (BTX‐A) has been reported to have analgesic effects
independent of its action on muscle tone, possibly by acting on neurogenic inflammation …

Peripheral nerve lesion triggers alterations in the spinal microenvironment that contribute to
the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain. While neurons and glia have been implicated in these …

Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT), derived from Clostridium botulinum, has been used
therapeutically for focal dystonia, spasticity, and chronic migraine. Its spectrum as a potential …

Uptake of l-glutamate into synaptic vesicles is mediated by vesicular glutamate transporters
(VGLUTs). Three transporters (VGLUT1–VGLUT3) are expressed in the mammalian CNS …

The wingless-related integration site (Wnt) signaling pathway plays an essential role in
embryonic development and nervous system regulation. It is critically involved in multiple …

It is functionally important to differentiate between primary afferent neurons with A‐fibers,
which are nociceptive or nonnociceptive, and C‐fibers, which are mainly nociceptive …

Objective To determine whether standard evaluations of pain distinguish subjects with no
pain from those with myofascial pain syndromes (MPS) and active myofascial trigger points …

Peripheral neuropathic pain typically results from trauma-induced nociceptive neuron
hyperexcitability and their spontaneous ectopic activity. This pain persists until the trauma …