Imbalance in the tissue microenvironment is the main obstacle to drug delivery and
distribution in the human body. Before penetrating the pathological tissue microenvironment …

Hypoxia, or low oxygen levels, is a common feature of the tumor microenvironment. It is
caused by the aggressive proliferation of cancer cells, which consume more oxygen than …

The immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) antibody immunotherapy has demonstrated clinical
benefits for multiple cancers. However, the efficacy of immunotherapy in tumors is …

Malignant melanoma (MM) is the most common and deadliest type of skin cancer and is
associated with high mortality rates across all races and ethnicities. Although present …

The DNA damage repair of tumor cells limits the effect of photothermal therapy (PTT), and
high temperatures induced by PTT can damage adjacent normal tissues. To overcome these …

The therapeutic efficacy of immune-blockade therapies is limited by low T-cell infiltration and
PD-L1 expression in tumor tissue. Activating the body to generate tumor-specific immune …

Tumoral thermal defense mechanisms considerably attenuate the therapeutic outcomes of
mild-temperature photothermal therapy (PTT). Thus, developing a simple, efficient, and …

Although photothermal therapy (PTT) is effective at killing tumor cells, it can inadvertently
damage healthy tissues surrounding the tumor. Nevertheless, lowering the treatment …

Nanostructured heterojunctions offer a promising solution to overcome the limitations of
narrow absorption spectra, limited penetration depths, and potential harm to healthy cells in …

Innovative approaches such as photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy
(PTT) have made nanomedicines a promising frontier in cancer theranostics. The …