The field of cAMP signaling is witnessing exciting developments with the recognition that
cAMP is compartmentalized and that spatial regulation of cAMP is critical for faithful signal …

The eukaryotic cell is a bustling collection of macromolecules acting cooperatively to
mediate the functions required for cell viability. Specific, context-dependent and tightly …

There are seven relaxin family peptides that are all structurally related to insulin. Relaxin has
many roles in female and male reproduction, as a neuropeptide in the central nervous …

Eukaryotic mitochondria resulted from symbiotic incorporation of α-proteobacteria into
ancient archaea species. During evolution, mitochondria lost most of the prokaryotic …

Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) that specifically inactivate the intracellular
messengers cAMP and cGMP in a compartmentalized manner represent an important …

Since the discovery nearly 60 years ago, cAMP is envisioned as one of the most universal
and versatile second messengers. The tremendous feature of cAMP to tightly control highly …

Cellular signal transmission requires the dynamic formation of spatiotemporally controlled
molecular interactions. At the cell surface information is received by receptor complexes and …

Many of the fundamental concepts of signal transduction and kinase activity are attributed to
the discovery and crystallization of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, or protein kinase A …

Although there has been extensive characterization of the Wnt signaling pathway in the
osteoblast lineage, the effects of Wnt proteins on the osteoclast lineage are less well …

Protein phosphorylation by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) underlies key
cellular processes, including sympathetic stimulation of heart cells, and potentiation of …