Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are major causes of mortality and morbidity in the modern
society. The rupture of atherosclerotic plaque can induce thrombus formation, which is the …

Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major cause of early death worldwide. By
2030, 14.5 million people will have end‐stage kidney disease (ESKD, or CKD stage 5), yet …

Recent evidence suggests that the gut microbiota plays an important role in the
development and pathogenesis of hypertension. Dysbiosis, an imbalance in the composition …

In recent years, more scientific data have pointed out the close connection between
intestinal microbial community, nutritional habits, lifestyle, and the appearance of various …

The age-old axiom that one is as old as his or her vessels are, calls for ongoing critical re-
examination of modifiable risk factors of accelerated vascular ageing in chronic kidney …

The accumulation of uremic toxins (UTs) is a prototypical manifestation of uremic milieu that
follows renal function decline (chronic kidney disease, CKD). Frailty as a potential outcome …

Phosphate is a key uremic toxin associated with adverse outcomes. As chronic kidney
disease (CKD) progresses, the kidney capacity to excrete excess dietary phosphate …

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects more than 10% of the world population and leads to
excess morbidity and mortality (with cardiovascular disease as a leading cause of death) …

Vascular calcification (VC) involves the deposition of calcium apatite in vascular intima or
media. Individuals of advanced age, having diabetes mellitus or chronic kidney disease …

Frailty is the incremental accumulation of minute defects that progressively impair health and
performance. Frailty is commonly observed in older adults; however, secondary frailty may …