In explosive submarine eruptions, volcanic jets transport fragmented tephra and exsolved
gases from the conduit into the water column. Upon eruption the volcanic jet mixes with …

During explosive eruptions, the real-time estimation of the mass eruption rate (MER) is
challenging although crucial to mitigate the impact of erupted tephra. Microwave radar …

Eruption source parameters (ESP) characterizing volcanic eruption plumes are crucial
inputs for atmospheric tephra dispersal models, used for hazard assessment and risk …

Turbulent fountain flow consists of two distinct stages, the initial 'negatively buoyant jet'(NBJ)
stage, and the fully developed 'fountain'stage. The present study investigates both stages of …

Powerful explosive volcanic eruptions inject ash high into the atmosphere, which spreads to
form umbrella clouds. Identifying key physical processes governing the dynamics, stability …

During explosive volcanic eruptions, an eruption column buoyantly rises as a turbulent
plume, and an umbrella cloud spreads laterally as a gravity current at the neutral buoyancy …

The 1257 AD caldera-forming eruption of Samalas (Lombok, Indonesia) was recently
associated with the largest sulphate spike of the last 2 ky recorded in polar ice cores. It is …

Explosive volcanic eruptions can inject sulfur dioxide (SO2) into the stratosphere to form
aerosol particles that modify Earth's radiation balance and drive surface cooling. Eruptions …

The eruption of Eyjafjallajökull volcano in 2010 lasted 39 days, 14 April–23 May. The
eruption had two explosive phases separated by a phase with lava formation and reduced …

The impact of explosive volcanic plumes on climate and on air traffic strongly depends on
the concentration and grain-size distribution (GSD) of pyroclastic fragments injected into the …